《The Spirit of Law-法的精神(英文版)》

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The Spirit of Law-法的精神(英文版)- 第28部分


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    44arrian;deexpeditalexvii

    45ibid

    46strabo;vi;toheend

    47seeingbabylonoverfloheneighbouringuntryofarabiaasanislandaristobulus;instrabo;xvi

    48seererundicaru

    49strabo;xvi

    50strabo;xvi

    51thesegavethenaversiontostrangers

    52pliny;ii67;vi9;13;strabo;xi;p507;arrian;deexpeditalex;iii;p74;v;p104

    53arrian;deexpeditalex;vii

    54pliny;ii67

    55seetheczarschart

    56pliny;vi17

    57bookxv

    58apolloniusadrutinusinstrabo;xi

    59theselvesfroyria;fordagreatstate

    60bookvi23

    61ibid

    62sigertidisregnuxi

    63thensoonsbloonequarter;andpartfronother;thetradethesaquarter

    64bookvi23

    65herodotus;lpone;iv44

    66pliny;vi23

    67ibid

    68bookxv

    69pliny;vi23

    70bookxv

    71hewasdesirouso
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第125节

    fnqueringitherodotus;iv42

    72pliny;ii67;pooniusla;iii9

    73herodotus;lpone;iv43

    74addtothisishallsayinchapter11ofthisbookonthenavigationofhanno

    75inthenthsofober;deceer;andjanuarytheheatlanticeanisfoundtobloheast;ourshipsthereforeeithercrosstheline;andtoavoidtheheregenerallyeast;theydirecttheirursetothesouth:orelsetheyenterintothetorridzone;inthoseplaceshe

    76theseatoeeofredseatheygavetothatpartoftheoceanhisgulf

    77strabo;xvi

    78ibidartedorussettledthebordersoftheknoofera

    79strabo;i7;iv9;table4ofafrica

    80thisperiplusisattributedtoarrian

    81ptole;iv9

    82bookiv7;8

    83seeyhavegivenusofthedifferentpartsofafricatheirknoostpoionsinthehthepeopleofafrica;tothealliancestheyhadntracted;andtothetradetheyhadcarriedonhthoseuntries

    84bookvii3

    85seehisperiplus;underthearticleoncarthage

    86seeherodotus;lpone;iv43;ontheobstaclesaspesenuntered

    87seetheeoflleentoftheeastindiapany;parti;p201thisannerastobescarcelyperceived;andshipscanonlypassthroughithastiffgale

    88pliny;vi;tellsusthesathing;speakingofuntatlas:noquesonitustrepere;nenenterdiucei

    89dodationonhannosperiplus

    90ofhings

    91bookvi

    92bookiii

    93nsargentarius

    94hehadsoshareintheiagent

    95seefestusavienus

    96strabo;iii;toheend

    97hehesenateofcarthage

    98freinsheus;supplenttolivy;dec2;vi

    99inthepartssubjecttothecarthaginians

    100justin;xliii5

    101seestrabo;x

    102henfirdthelibertyoftheisus;anathenianlonyent;evenunderthekingsofpersialuisus;restoredtheotheirliberty;andrecalledtheinhabitants;heirships

    103seeisians;andthesynopians;inhistreatiseoftheithridates

    104seeappian;inregardtotheiensetreasuresployedinhishosehoselylostbythetreacheryofhisohoseerhisdeath

    105seeappianoftheithridates

    106ibid

    107helostatoi170;000n;yethesoonrecruitedhisares

    108inthensiderationsontheangrandeur

    109asplatohasobservedlaws;iv

    110polybius;v

    111seethensiderationsontheangrandeur

    112ibid

    113leg5;§2;ffdecaptivis

    114qurciniispubliceprfuitleg1;ddenaturalliberis

    115legadbarbaricudquresexportarinondebeant

    116leg2;ddercetrcator

    117propius;hepersians;i

    118seethensiderationsontheangrandeur

    119pliny;vi28;andstrabo;xvi

    120ibid

    121theuchreclandestinely;theroyalvesselofsuezcarriesthitheralsotillions

    122bookii;p181;ed1587

    123bookvi23

    124hesays;bookii;thattheronseloyedahundredandtployedty

    125booki;2

    126booki;13

    127ourbestpsplacepeterstohehundredthdegreeoflongitude;andaboutthefortiethoflatitude

    128suetonius;lifeofclaudius;18;leg7dtheodosdenaviculariis

    129bookviii;tit4;§9

    130tototitulo;ffdeincend;ruinetnaufrag;ddenaufragiis;leg3;ffadlegel;desicariis

    131leg1;ddenaufragiis

    132bookxi;tit3;§2

    133seearistotle;politics;i9;10

    134seeinrent;intheyear1206;betpagne;andguyofdaierre

    135stow;surveyoflondon;iii;p54

    136theedictpassedatbaville;4thofapril;1392

    137infranain;andthelordstheirsurbrusselntionsanagreentdeintheyear1206;betpagne;byhatthejeheoneshouldnotlendinthelandsoftheother

    138itisknofranbardy;andthattheretheygavetoforeignrchantsandtravellerssecretletters;dratheyhadentrustedtheireffectsinfrance;ed

    139seenov83oftheeerorleo;enopulus;underthenaofleo;iii;tit7;§27

    140seetheacuntofpirard;partii;15

    141this;inthelanguageoftheancients;isthestatehelony

    142exceptthecarthaginians;ashetreatyanendtothefirstpunicwar

    143polybius;iii

    144thekingofpersiaobligedhielfbytreatynottosailon

    145aristotle;ofhings;livy;dec2;vii

    146bookii;p170

    147thishasbeenalreadyshoalltreatiseostentirelyinrporatedinthepresentwork

    148seefrezier;voyages

    149abraziltillionssterlingingold;ountains;orinthebedsofriversbrazilbeingsonsiderableanitestheyareatpresent
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第126节

    bookxxiioflaoney

    1thereasonoftheuseofneypeopleeroney;fortheyexoorputshissaltinaheap;andthenegrohisdustinanother;ifthereisnotgoldenough;theortakesaeofhissalt;orthenegroaddsregold;tillbothpartiesareagreed

    buteretaleasilycarriedfrolacetoplacesavesthegreatexpensesobeatiftheyaleededbyexchange

    asallnationshavereerchandisepaythebalanceinspecieandthereisthisdifference;that;inthecaseofbuying;thetradecarriedonisinproportiontotheands;andsarethefepossibilityofbalancingitsacunts

    2ofthenatureofneyneyisasigneredbutlittlebyuse;andbeetalhasbeenostportableatalisstproperforanasure;beestandardeverystatefixesuponitapartiyrrespondaybeknoetals;deuseofoxen;2andtheronsofsheep;butoneoxisnotthesaasanotheroxinthennerthatonepieetalybethesaasanother

    aspeerchandise;paperisthesignofthevalueofspecie;andannerthatastotheeffectsproducedbyitthereisnottheleastdifference

    inthesanner;asneyisthesignandrepresentativeofathing;everythingisasignandrepresentativeofney;andthestateisinaprosperousnditiononeyperfeoney;andarereent;nordoesitalple;ifthelaoneyent;itakeeveryoneburytheirspeoney

    legislatorshavesotishadtheartnotonlytokethingsintheiroevenintospeenttotheironeyequaltofivethousandsesteranrepresentney

    thelaansnstitutedneyasatisfaitted;andforthesufferingsduetoguiltbutasthereoneytobepaidingoodsorisesonthsoneybeerchandise;andtheseagainbecaney

    neyisnotonlyasignofthings;itisalsoasignandrepresentativeofney;ashechapteronexchange

    3ofidealneythereisbothrealandidealneyakeuseofidealneyonly;beoneyetalofaetalfroverypieoney;toenforexale;frolivreatapoundorethetethodthelivreisanideallivre;andthesouanidealsouthusoftheothersubdivisions;andsofarythisbeayevenhappenthatoneyofthepreoneythedenonationofasnylivresandasnysousastheyplease;thevariationybentinual;beetoathingasitisdifficulttochangethethingitself

    totakeaakingroneyshouldbeethodsfroeingtakentorenderitideal

    nothingoughttobesoexetfroariationasthatnasureofalltradeisinitsoelyuncertain;anditisagreateviltoaddaneaintytothathenatureofthething

    4ofthequantityofgoldandsilverionsa
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第127节

    rethestressesoftheangtheelves;orfetines;stininishesetalshegothsandvandalsontheoneside;andontheotherthesaracensandtartars;brokeinlikeatorrentonthecivilisedworld

    5thesasubjeeriotedthenavigationoftheeuropeannations;foritisrchandisearica;andetalsasrchandise;butitisotherasasign;becausetheirabundancegivesanalloytotheirqualityasasign;heirscarcity

    beforethefirstpunicerly;silveritsofficeasasign

    6thereasonsus9thatinspainafterthenquestoftheindiestheinterest;uinished;theproportionayrelle;10oneyafterthenquestoftheindieserchandise;thatis;inotherheirinterest

    frohistitheyestates;foundedonrieroneuntrytoanotherrerkablyeasy;neycannotbescarceinaplaceaybesoreadilysuppliedhitbythoseinplenty

    7hoeranufacturesbuthooneyiseverythingtoberepresented

    ifparethessofgoldandsilverintheererassofgoldandsilverasthetotaloftheoneistothetotaloftheother;sopartoftheonedityorrerankindisnotallatononeyeti;thepriorroayenterintotradeatthesati;theestablishntoftheprientallydependsontheproportionofthetotalofthingstothetotalofsigns

    thustheprinagistrateerine11

    8thesasubjeerelyideal;foundedonthedegreeofesteendsforallrodityorrautes;another;tenutes;thatis;asiftheysaidsilythree;six;andtenthepriedbyaparisonofallrerchandiseisneytotheother

    letusforanttransfertoourselvesthisnnerofvaluingthings;andjoiniteranufaallothers;berofutes;and;dividingtheneyofthisstateintoasnypartsasthereareutes;onepartofthisdivisionofneyaute

    ifaute;butifindoublingthespeaute;theproportionainthesaasbeforethedoublingofeither

    if;sinererchandisehasincreasedas1to2itnecessarilyfolloerchandiseandprovisions;havingbeenraisedinproportionof1to20;andfalleninproportionof1to2itnecessarilyfollohattheproportionisonlyas1to10

    thequantityofgoodsandrererunioditiesandneerchandise

    9oftherelativesetalsparedhtheother

    theavaricioushoarduptheirgoldandsilver;forastheydonotcaretospend;theyarefondofsignsthatarenotsubjecttodecaytheyprefergoldtosilver;becauseastheyarealgoldthereforedisappe
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第128节

    arsetonceal;itappearsagainitsnfinent

    itisthenarulethatgoldisnnthisletsusseethedifferencebetoreatlarge

    10ofexsiscalledtheurseofexchange

    exontaryvalueofney

    silverasatalhasvaluelikeallotherrerererchandise;ituchofitsvalue

    silver;asney;hasavalue;erespectscanfix;andinotherscannot

    1theprinequantityasney;2hefixestheproportionbetetalsdeuseofasney3heestablishestheoneyinfine;4;hegivestoeverypieaybefixedbylaw

    theinofeverystatehas;besidesthis;arelativevalue;asitisparedoneyofotheruntriesthisrelativevalueisestablishedbytheexerchants;neverbythedecreesoftheprince;becauseitissubjecttoincessantvariations;anddependsonathousandaccidents

    theseveralnations;infixingthisrelativevalue;areostproperfortheotherstoregulatetheirsbyherstandard:andtheregulationbetadehthisprincipalnation

    intheactualstateoftheglobe;hollandisthenationiheurseofexchangehrelationtoher

    theyhaveinhollandapieoneyagihattheyhavenotanysuoneyinhollandasaflorin;andthattheyhavenootherbutthegros:aninedbyourknoanygroseverypieoneyinotheruntriesisnlyretoknoanygrosarentainedinacrooregros;ifplentiful;ithless

    thissple;ninfranceandscarceinholland:andviceversa

    letussupposethattheurseofexhisbutasthereissodistanthus;inordertojudgeoftheshollandthantherearefroranycroorethanfiftyfourgros;otherparthit;andviceversa

    thusthevarioustusintheurseofexanacuntofdebtorandcreditor;ustbefrequentlysettled;andoredischargebyexchangethananindividualcanpayadebtbygivingchangeforapieceofsilver

    stancebothinspainandfranceshouldcauseeachtoarks;butfrancearksinspain;andthespaniardsarks;alluponspain

    butifhollandustpayhertenthousandrks;thefrenarkstospain

    henofneytoanotheruntry;itisindifferent;inthenatureofthething;ethodssolelydependsonaoney13

    oneyofthesastandardandoneyofthesastandardandinholland;hattheexchangeisatparintheactualstateofspecie14theparisnearlyatfiftyfourgrostothecroheexchangeisabovefiftyfourgros;ishigh;h;islow

    inordertoknoustbensideredasdebtorandcreditor;asbuyerandsellerheexchangeisbelolosesasadebtor;andgainsasacreditor;itlosesasabuyerandgainsasaselleritisobviousitlosesasde
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第129节

    btor;suppose;forexale;franberofgrosthereareinaenuerofgrostopureryrberofgros;ireceivethenrecroecroberofcrooneyiso;theyheysell;theylose;andiftheybuy;th
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