44arrian;deexpeditalexvii
45ibid
46strabo;vi;toheend
47seeingbabylonoverfloheneighbouringuntryofarabiaasanislandaristobulus;instrabo;xvi
48seererundicaru
49strabo;xvi
50strabo;xvi
51thesegavethenaversiontostrangers
52pliny;ii67;vi9;13;strabo;xi;p507;arrian;deexpeditalex;iii;p74;v;p104
53arrian;deexpeditalex;vii
54pliny;ii67
55seetheczarschart
56pliny;vi17
57bookxv
58apolloniusadrutinusinstrabo;xi
59theselvesfroyria;fordagreatstate
60bookvi23
61ibid
62sigertidisregnuxi
63thensoonsbloonequarter;andpartfronother;thetradethesaquarter
64bookvi23
65herodotus;lpone;iv44
66pliny;vi23
67ibid
68bookxv
69pliny;vi23
70bookxv
71hewasdesirouso
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fnqueringitherodotus;iv42
72pliny;ii67;pooniusla;iii9
73herodotus;lpone;iv43
74addtothisishallsayinchapter11ofthisbookonthenavigationofhanno
75inthenthsofober;deceer;andjanuarytheheatlanticeanisfoundtobloheast;ourshipsthereforeeithercrosstheline;andtoavoidtheheregenerallyeast;theydirecttheirursetothesouth:orelsetheyenterintothetorridzone;inthoseplaceshe
76theseatoeeofredseatheygavetothatpartoftheoceanhisgulf
77strabo;xvi
78ibidartedorussettledthebordersoftheknoofera
79strabo;i7;iv9;table4ofafrica
80thisperiplusisattributedtoarrian
81ptole;iv9
82bookiv7;8
83seeyhavegivenusofthedifferentpartsofafricatheirknoostpoionsinthehthepeopleofafrica;tothealliancestheyhadntracted;andtothetradetheyhadcarriedonhthoseuntries
84bookvii3
85seehisperiplus;underthearticleoncarthage
86seeherodotus;lpone;iv43;ontheobstaclesaspesenuntered
87seetheeoflleentoftheeastindiapany;parti;p201thisannerastobescarcelyperceived;andshipscanonlypassthroughithastiffgale
88pliny;vi;tellsusthesathing;speakingofuntatlas:noquesonitustrepere;nenenterdiucei
89dodationonhannosperiplus
90ofhings
91bookvi
92bookiii
93nsargentarius
94hehadsoshareintheiagent
95seefestusavienus
96strabo;iii;toheend
97hehesenateofcarthage
98freinsheus;supplenttolivy;dec2;vi
99inthepartssubjecttothecarthaginians
100justin;xliii5
101seestrabo;x
102henfirdthelibertyoftheisus;anathenianlonyent;evenunderthekingsofpersialuisus;restoredtheotheirliberty;andrecalledtheinhabitants;heirships
103seeisians;andthesynopians;inhistreatiseoftheithridates
104seeappian;inregardtotheiensetreasuresployedinhishosehoselylostbythetreacheryofhisohoseerhisdeath
105seeappianoftheithridates
106ibid
107helostatoi170;000n;yethesoonrecruitedhisares
108inthensiderationsontheangrandeur
109asplatohasobservedlaws;iv
110polybius;v
111seethensiderationsontheangrandeur
112ibid
113leg5;§2;ffdecaptivis
114qurciniispubliceprfuitleg1;ddenaturalliberis
115legadbarbaricudquresexportarinondebeant
116leg2;ddercetrcator
117propius;hepersians;i
118seethensiderationsontheangrandeur
119pliny;vi28;andstrabo;xvi
120ibid
121theuchreclandestinely;theroyalvesselofsuezcarriesthitheralsotillions
122bookii;p181;ed1587
123bookvi23
124hesays;bookii;thattheronseloyedahundredandtployedty
125booki;2
126booki;13
127ourbestpsplacepeterstohehundredthdegreeoflongitude;andaboutthefortiethoflatitude
128suetonius;lifeofclaudius;18;leg7dtheodosdenaviculariis
129bookviii;tit4;§9
130tototitulo;ffdeincend;ruinetnaufrag;ddenaufragiis;leg3;ffadlegel;desicariis
131leg1;ddenaufragiis
132bookxi;tit3;§2
133seearistotle;politics;i9;10
134seeinrent;intheyear1206;betpagne;andguyofdaierre
135stow;surveyoflondon;iii;p54
136theedictpassedatbaville;4thofapril;1392
137infranain;andthelordstheirsurbrusselntionsanagreentdeintheyear1206;betpagne;byhatthejeheoneshouldnotlendinthelandsoftheother
138itisknofranbardy;andthattheretheygavetoforeignrchantsandtravellerssecretletters;dratheyhadentrustedtheireffectsinfrance;ed
139seenov83oftheeerorleo;enopulus;underthenaofleo;iii;tit7;§27
140seetheacuntofpirard;partii;15
141this;inthelanguageoftheancients;isthestatehelony
142exceptthecarthaginians;ashetreatyanendtothefirstpunicwar
143polybius;iii
144thekingofpersiaobligedhielfbytreatynottosailon
145aristotle;ofhings;livy;dec2;vii
146bookii;p170
147thishasbeenalreadyshoalltreatiseostentirelyinrporatedinthepresentwork
148seefrezier;voyages
149abraziltillionssterlingingold;ountains;orinthebedsofriversbrazilbeingsonsiderableanitestheyareatpresent
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bookxxiioflaoney
1thereasonoftheuseofneypeopleeroney;fortheyexoorputshissaltinaheap;andthenegrohisdustinanother;ifthereisnotgoldenough;theortakesaeofhissalt;orthenegroaddsregold;tillbothpartiesareagreed
buteretaleasilycarriedfrolacetoplacesavesthegreatexpensesobeatiftheyaleededbyexchange
asallnationshavereerchandisepaythebalanceinspecieandthereisthisdifference;that;inthecaseofbuying;thetradecarriedonisinproportiontotheands;andsarethefepossibilityofbalancingitsacunts
2ofthenatureofneyneyisasigneredbutlittlebyuse;andbeetalhasbeenostportableatalisstproperforanasure;beestandardeverystatefixesuponitapartiyrrespondaybeknoetals;deuseofoxen;2andtheronsofsheep;butoneoxisnotthesaasanotheroxinthennerthatonepieetalybethesaasanother
aspeerchandise;paperisthesignofthevalueofspecie;andannerthatastotheeffectsproducedbyitthereisnottheleastdifference
inthesanner;asneyisthesignandrepresentativeofathing;everythingisasignandrepresentativeofney;andthestateisinaprosperousnditiononeyperfeoney;andarereent;nordoesitalple;ifthelaoneyent;itakeeveryoneburytheirspeoney
legislatorshavesotishadtheartnotonlytokethingsintheiroevenintospeenttotheironeyequaltofivethousandsesteranrepresentney
thelaansnstitutedneyasatisfaitted;andforthesufferingsduetoguiltbutasthereoneytobepaidingoodsorisesonthsoneybeerchandise;andtheseagainbecaney
neyisnotonlyasignofthings;itisalsoasignandrepresentativeofney;ashechapteronexchange
3ofidealneythereisbothrealandidealneyakeuseofidealneyonly;beoneyetalofaetalfroverypieoney;toenforexale;frolivreatapoundorethetethodthelivreisanideallivre;andthesouanidealsouthusoftheothersubdivisions;andsofarythisbeayevenhappenthatoneyofthepreoneythedenonationofasnylivresandasnysousastheyplease;thevariationybentinual;beetoathingasitisdifficulttochangethethingitself
totakeaakingroneyshouldbeethodsfroeingtakentorenderitideal
nothingoughttobesoexetfroariationasthatnasureofalltradeisinitsoelyuncertain;anditisagreateviltoaddaneaintytothathenatureofthething
4ofthequantityofgoldandsilverionsa
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rethestressesoftheangtheelves;orfetines;stininishesetalshegothsandvandalsontheoneside;andontheotherthesaracensandtartars;brokeinlikeatorrentonthecivilisedworld
5thesasubjeeriotedthenavigationoftheeuropeannations;foritisrchandisearica;andetalsasrchandise;butitisotherasasign;becausetheirabundancegivesanalloytotheirqualityasasign;heirscarcity
beforethefirstpunicerly;silveritsofficeasasign
6thereasonsus9thatinspainafterthenquestoftheindiestheinterest;uinished;theproportionayrelle;10oneyafterthenquestoftheindieserchandise;thatis;inotherheirinterest
frohistitheyestates;foundedonrieroneuntrytoanotherrerkablyeasy;neycannotbescarceinaplaceaybesoreadilysuppliedhitbythoseinplenty
7hoeranufacturesbuthooneyiseverythingtoberepresented
ifparethessofgoldandsilverintheererassofgoldandsilverasthetotaloftheoneistothetotaloftheother;sopartoftheonedityorrerankindisnotallatononeyeti;thepriorroayenterintotradeatthesati;theestablishntoftheprientallydependsontheproportionofthetotalofthingstothetotalofsigns
thustheprinagistrateerine11
8thesasubjeerelyideal;foundedonthedegreeofesteendsforallrodityorrautes;another;tenutes;thatis;asiftheysaidsilythree;six;andtenthepriedbyaparisonofallrerchandiseisneytotheother
letusforanttransfertoourselvesthisnnerofvaluingthings;andjoiniteranufaallothers;berofutes;and;dividingtheneyofthisstateintoasnypartsasthereareutes;onepartofthisdivisionofneyaute
ifaute;butifindoublingthespeaute;theproportionainthesaasbeforethedoublingofeither
if;sinererchandisehasincreasedas1to2itnecessarilyfolloerchandiseandprovisions;havingbeenraisedinproportionof1to20;andfalleninproportionof1to2itnecessarilyfollohattheproportionisonlyas1to10
thequantityofgoodsandrererunioditiesandneerchandise
9oftherelativesetalsparedhtheother
theavaricioushoarduptheirgoldandsilver;forastheydonotcaretospend;theyarefondofsignsthatarenotsubjecttodecaytheyprefergoldtosilver;becauseastheyarealgoldthereforedisappe
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arsetonceal;itappearsagainitsnfinent
itisthenarulethatgoldisnnthisletsusseethedifferencebetoreatlarge
10ofexsiscalledtheurseofexchange
exontaryvalueofney
silverasatalhasvaluelikeallotherrerererchandise;ituchofitsvalue
silver;asney;hasavalue;erespectscanfix;andinotherscannot
1theprinequantityasney;2hefixestheproportionbetetalsdeuseofasney3heestablishestheoneyinfine;4;hegivestoeverypieaybefixedbylaw
theinofeverystatehas;besidesthis;arelativevalue;asitisparedoneyofotheruntriesthisrelativevalueisestablishedbytheexerchants;neverbythedecreesoftheprince;becauseitissubjecttoincessantvariations;anddependsonathousandaccidents
theseveralnations;infixingthisrelativevalue;areostproperfortheotherstoregulatetheirsbyherstandard:andtheregulationbetadehthisprincipalnation
intheactualstateoftheglobe;hollandisthenationiheurseofexchangehrelationtoher
theyhaveinhollandapieoneyagihattheyhavenotanysuoneyinhollandasaflorin;andthattheyhavenootherbutthegros:aninedbyourknoanygroseverypieoneyinotheruntriesisnlyretoknoanygrosarentainedinacrooregros;ifplentiful;ithless
thissple;ninfranceandscarceinholland:andviceversa
letussupposethattheurseofexhisbutasthereissodistanthus;inordertojudgeoftheshollandthantherearefroranycroorethanfiftyfourgros;otherparthit;andviceversa
thusthevarioustusintheurseofexanacuntofdebtorandcreditor;ustbefrequentlysettled;andoredischargebyexchangethananindividualcanpayadebtbygivingchangeforapieceofsilver
stancebothinspainandfranceshouldcauseeachtoarks;butfrancearksinspain;andthespaniardsarks;alluponspain
butifhollandustpayhertenthousandrks;thefrenarkstospain
henofneytoanotheruntry;itisindifferent;inthenatureofthething;ethodssolelydependsonaoney13
oneyofthesastandardandoneyofthesastandardandinholland;hattheexchangeisatparintheactualstateofspecie14theparisnearlyatfiftyfourgrostothecroheexchangeisabovefiftyfourgros;ishigh;h;islow
inordertoknoustbensideredasdebtorandcreditor;asbuyerandsellerheexchangeisbelolosesasadebtor;andgainsasacreditor;itlosesasabuyerandgainsasaselleritisobviousitlosesasde
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btor;suppose;forexale;franberofgrosthereareinaenuerofgrostopureryrberofgros;ireceivethenrecroecroberofcrooneyiso;theyheysell;theylose;andiftheybuy;th
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