neyiso；theyheysell；theylose；andiftheybuy；theygain
itispropertopursuethissople；ifitbeatfiftyinsteadoffiftyfour；itshouldfolloerorethanoneseventh；sothatfranerabove；iftheexuniannerthefrenererchanthenbothbelosers；thestateoabalance；andtheloheexchangebeattendedhallthoseinnveniencesofear
archantysendhisstockintoaforeignuntryheexchangeisbelohoutinjuringhisfortune；because；retus；herevershehadlost；butaprinceoaforeignuntryu；isalwaysaloser
ertheirenteringintonyengagents；buyinggreatquantitiesofrchandise；anddra
aprinaybereallysuchrchandisetoaforeignuntry；theexchangehoughspeciebescarce
theexirelandtoenglandisbelopoundratioofthatofirelandtoengland；andthatofenglandtoholland；foradutchrchantireland；bystanceshesethings；andthedifferentprofitofdraher；nstitutestheparticularartanddexterityofthebankers；belongtothepresentsubject
berofgrosustnotbeiutedasaneffectoftheregulationitself；buttothenoveltyandsuddennessoftheaffairtheexchangeadherestoe
etakenupinpassingagainthroughthenttherearetoneythelarge；all；oney；andbillsofexeoftheheiresobligedtokepayntsustrise；beediatelyprove；headvantagebyprocuringtheoldtheexchangeshouldthenbefixed；asi
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第130节
havealreadysaid；bet；beeadvantageastheyuldreanygrosinholland；andinretu；aregularexchangealittleloanycroofrance
supposethatthreelivresoftheoldinyieldbytheaecro；andthebankershthe
toredythis；neeasuresstbetakenthestateanygrosforacroe；forallthebankersptedtosenditabroad；becauseoftheexpenseofcarriageandthedangerofnfiscation
itisfitthatployedbythestate；proposesbillsuponholland；andgivesthetone；tadeaprovisioninaforeignuntry；byansoftheoldspeeanti；bydisposingofhisbills；heseizesonalltheneentstoke；toint；and；asheinsensiblyobtainsallthespebillsofexeasureforthelosshesufferedatthebeginning
itisevidentthatduringthesetransaustbeinadangerousderate；theinnveniencesincreaseinproportion
aybedebysendingitabroad；forthesareason；ishigherthanthespecie；thereisprofitincausingittoretu
butthereisa；aybedeofit；heritbecirculatedintheuntryorpaidforforeignbills
ifapanyhasbeenereestateestablishedabank；theoffioney；；itthenatureofthings；thatthesesharesandthesebillsennerastheyarosestoeansofproosteasyovingitfroo；oveyingititapartoftheireffeittanustloeofthesysteinproportiontothestandardandeney；theyorethanthirtyninegrosforacroerhirtyeight；thirtyseven；&cthisproceededsofar；thatafteraheyeightgros；andatlastthereall
theexchangeoughtinthiscasetohaveregulatedtheproportionbetadeinpaper；thecrohreelivresinpaperhonlyeightgros；thedifferencehsthecrohreelivresinpaperhenhfourfifthslessthanthecrohreelivresinsilver
11oftheproanses；inistrationoftinisters；stillitans；notatthetiuethattheydisputedforeirehthecarthaginians
andhereialeasedthatihaveanopportunityofexaningreatter；thatnoexaleybetakenfroanneverjustlybecalledone
inthefirstpunirethanonethisretrenchntansacroaketething
theyhaveleftusnonuntofthennerinansndupossibilityofpayingherdebts：theasadetheasofanouneanspaidthevalueofadenariususthavegivenagreatshocktothestate；theyhereforetobreaktheforceofitasheyulditselfunjust；andi
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第131节
tadeasendstepnecessaryiterchandiseoneyhtheothesequencesareobvious
theronsthenndustancesthanours
12theanypoetheiretheydeuseofnonebutppeey；anditoney：21theydedenariiofthistalofthevalueoftenases；22ortenpoundsofpperatthattitheproportionofsilverandenariusedenariusoneeighthofanounceofsilver；23thisproducedtheaboveproportion
ebeadeuseofasney
thepeaeasurestoreducethedenariusfroadeas1to128
ifineintothenduans；sogreatasininganyextraordinaryoperation
13properorsintheinishingit：initsundertheeerors；theyproethod；inishedtheevilingtotouchittheyinutionofthepay；orofthegratuity；itinished
edalsoneyisntionedinafragntofthe77thbookofdio27
didiusjulianfirstbegantodebaseitorethanhalf；thatofalexanderseverusofteofgallienusnothingobeseenbutppersilveredover30
itisevidentthatsuightdeperors；hedebasedthesilverineffectual
14hoitsdespotiercedependedonthatoftheexchange；andthetransactionsenthallitslaws
in1745theselvesnorsendaissiontheexittingtheirspeciefroneuntrytoanotheristhereforeentirelyinpatiblehthelawsofrussia
rployedinagrien；posedofchanicsandrchants
15thepraeuntriesinitalytheyhavedelaepartofitalytopreventsubjeovetheirspeedegreeindependentofanypartiustbeabadlaitpersonsfortheirooney
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第132节
itisabadlaovableeffesettlingintheuntry；and；inshort；becauseitybeeluded
16theassistanoneyiftheprintoittaninistrationonthentrary；ployedtoadvancespecie；theirartnsistsinprocuringthegreatestprofitfortheuseofit；houtbeingliabletobechargedhusury
17ofpubliaginedthatitultipliedrichesbyincreasingthecirculation
thoseoney；oraerthegoventfortheieybutletusseetheinnveniencesit
1ifforeignerspossesschpaperforinterest
2inanationthatisthusperpetuallyindebt；theexchangestbeverylow
3thetaxesraisedforthepayntoftheinterestofthedebtareaninjurytothenufactures；byraisingthepriceoftheartificerslabour
4ittakesthetruerevenueofthestatefrohoseivityandindustry；tonveyittotheindolent；thatis；itgivesfacilitiesforlabourtothosehdifficultiesthosewhodowork
theseareitsinnveniences：iknoeofathousandcroployedonehalfoftheirine；thatis；fivethousandcroheinterestofahundredthousandcroheyhadborrohers；thatstillothestateasthousandcrohatis；inthelanguageofthealgebraists；200；000crororowns200；000
peoplearethroothiserrorbyreflectingthatthepapersthedebtofanationisthesignofriches；foonebutarichstatecansupportsuchpaperhoutfallingintodecayandifitdoesnotfall；itisaproofthatthestatehasotherrichesbesidestheysaythatitisnotanevil；becausethereareresourcesagainstit；andthatitisanadvantage；sincetheseresourcessurpasstheevil
18ofthepayntofpublicdebtsitisnecessarythatthereshouldbeaproportionbetaybeacreditortoinfinity；butitcanonlybeadebtortoacertaindegree；andsurpassesthatdegreethetitleofcreditorvanishes
iftheish；itydosofeurope；32thatis；ityrequireagreatquantityofspeburseeveryindividual；atleastiftheyreducetheirinteresthestateborroheindividualsfixthe
interest；pays；theinterestforthefutureisfixedbythestate
itisnotsuffitheadvantageofthereduction；inordertopayeveryyearapartofthecapital：aproceedingsohappythatitssuccessincreaseseveryday
hecreditofthestateisnotentire；thereisaneasinkingfund；becausethisfundbeingonceestablishedhepublifidence
1ifthestateisarepublientofaybeinnsiderable；butitisneuchgreater
2theregulationsoughttobesoorderedthatallthesubjeaysupporttheentofthesefunds；beshentributes；payshielf
3therearefourenagine；oughtleasttobespared；beadeonaadeonall；astheinisters；andaldiateinspeasingularprotection；thatthepartayneverhavetheleastadvantageoverthathecreditor
19oflendinguponinterestspecieisthesignofvalueitisevidentthatheaybeeitherhiredorbought；oney；hepriceofthings；canonlybehired；andnotbought33
tolendneyelygood；butitisobviousthatitisonlyaunselofreligion；andnotacivillaw
inorderthattradeybesuererceerchantakenothing
iaistakenakeitnecessaryusuryablished；buthallthedisordershhasbeennstantlyattended
thelaetnfoundusuryetanuntriesinproportionto
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第133节
theseverityoftheprohibitionthelenderindeifieshielfforthedangerheundergoesofsufferingthepenalty
inthoseeasteuntries；thegreaterpartofthepeopleareseustberaisedinproportiontothedangerofinsolvency
20ofritiusurythegreatnessofritiusuryisfoundedontakesitproperthatthoseeansofrce；speedilyacplishesavarietyofgreataffairsbutusury；en；notbeingfoundedoneitherofthesetorerational；reducedtoproperbounds
21oflendingbyntraongtheronsbesidestheloansdefortheadvantageofrce；thereisstillakindoflendingbyacivilntract；sinterestorusury
asthepeopleofroinselvesintheirfavourbyenatheyretrenchedcapitals；theyfirstloselfpopular
thesentinualents：thepeople；likeadebtorpttheolendbyalloedytotheevilonlyfroitoti；plaintsofthepeopleidatedtheostnstroususuryestablisheditselfinthatoney；andforthedangerthecreditorunderofsufferingthepenaltyofthelaw
22thesasubjectntinuedthepritiveronshadnotanylaonssacer；nothingheonehand；butjustice；andontheother；theseverityofntracts36
theythenonlyfolloents；ostnlyattreasonis；thatintheanans；interestatsixpercentust；therefore；havebeeninterestatt
butifitbeaskedhoongapeoplealstronlythereighthavebeenabletopay；hadtheylivedinareregulaner38
theythendelaselvesfortheolestedbytheiretistheyopenedthepublieappeased；andastheyrequirednothingforthefuture；thesenateprovidingagainstit
atthetiaintainedtheanseloveoffrugality；poverty；andderation：butthenstitutionent；npeoplepaidnothinghoerofthelibertyofpursuingtheirdebtors；andatthesatitoobligetheoexeidstitsstpressingnecessities
tacitussaysthatthelaistaken；andthathetookanotherlagoingtospeak；forthelaakeuseofitsauthorityinthedisputese；virs
thelients
intheyearofro398；thetribunesduelliusandneniuseauthorslivyhadread；thise41346
itfaredberofanyotherstonfirrreestheyquittedthelanpraonpranedseroniusasellus；theprtor；havingperttedthedebtorstoaitytothelahe
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第134节
ptingtorevivetheryofaseveritythatuldnolongerbesupported49
iquitthecity；inordertocastaneyeontheprovinces
ihavesoanprovincesent50butthisisnotall；theyostshockingusury
isofneyatro；butuldnot；becauseofthegabinianlaust；therefore；inquireintothenatureofthislaw
assoonaslendinguponintereste；theyntrivedallsortofanstoeludethelaans；theyeloyedalatin；oranally；tolendhisna；andpersonatethe；andthepublicrelieved
thepeopleplainedofthisartifitobeenactedtothispurport；thatinregardtoloansthelaancitizensshouldequallytakeplacebetizenandanally；oracitizenandalatin54
atthattitheygavethenaofalliestothepeopleofitalyproperlysoanprovince
itisanobservationoftacitus55thatnetted；selvesdebarredfroendingorborroeofanally；theysoonntrivedtoborroeinhabitantoftheprovinces
toredythisabusetheyouslaustnaturallyhaverefleoneytobribethevotersitisplainthatthegabinianlaofrisuldnotborrooneyatrobesoney58atfourperentionedinthebondofthesalanians
aslendinguponinterestanightthuslosesightofthedangeroflosingtheieyandastheyenofgreatpoe；agistratesandoverruledthelaboldenedtolend；andtoextortgreatusuryheneanpurposesofthelegislator
butthepubliagistrates；theextortionsoflleissionofborroronankindaregoveednotbyextres；butbyprinoderation
hepaysleast；saysulpian；e；andthedebtorbuyit
1thesaltdeuseofforthispurposeinabyssiniahasthisdefect；thatitisntinuallyingaway
2herodotus；bki；tellsusthatthelydiansfoundouttheartofiningney；thegreeksleaeditfrohetheathenianinhadtheiressionoftheiranbrokescabi
3itisananilytohaveatreasurenofalgiers
4csar；debellociv；iii
5tacitus；annals；vi17
6thelahesaxons；18
7seechapter12ofthisbook
8supposingarkofeightouncesofsilvertobehfortyninelivres；andppertysolsperpound
9historyofthecivilhespaniardsintheindies
10infrance；lae
11socrates；historyofthechurch；ii17
12thereischspecieinaplaceorespeciethanpaper；thereislittle；orepaperthanspecie
13htheexpensesofcarriageandinsurancededucted
14in1744
15seebookxx23
16pliny；naturalhistory；xxxiii；art13
17ibid
18theyreceivedtenouncesofpperforty
19theyreceivedsixteenouncesofpperforty
20pliny；xxxiii；art5
21freins