thepeopleastheirotobehonest;andwesay;”goahead;
spendandapublicbudget
orarenderingofpublicacunts”ilitarists;”goahead;rustyou
uchthatyoutaxusacrdingtoyour
nscience”andats;”goahead;plicitfaithinyour
patriotisandontractanyandeverysortofinteationaltreaty
itittousforapproval”andtoallourofficialswesay;”in
en;stonepailouinyourhonour;butin
caseyoutuouttobecrooks;putyouinprison”neverinother
untriesanlytreatntofofficialsnosesaysthis
isallanychanceshth
………………………………
第69节
eirralendosifhanfeitse
etheobe;
”youtothepathofrighteousnessanderectstonepailou
inyourhonourinen;butincaseyoutuouttobe
crooks;stobeasounderandspeedierwayof
puttinganendtoourpolitihanfeitse;ina
ratherfreerenderinghesays:”youenina
untrytygoodaveragebutthereare;ontheotherhand;probablya
hundredoffioreoffientofill
thesothatyouhavetenhonestnandniycrookstofillallofthepositions
henisruleratherthanagood
goventtherefore;theandnotinpersonaltalents;
inathodandnotinpersonalhonesty;”hanfeitsedeniedthata”parental
govent”edout;evenparentsdonotalways
succeedingoveingtheirchildren;anditorethanparentslovetheirchildrenhanfeitseldlyand
hurouslyaskedhoanydisciplesnfuciusgotendous
benevolenceandrighteousness;andthefactthatevennfuciusuldobtain
onlyseventydisciplesanghundredsandthousandsofpeopleaclearproofofthe
futilityofvirtuenotunreasonabletoexpectallrulerstouelike
nfuciusandalltheirsubjectstolovevirtuelikehisseventydisciplesthereisa
kindofpleasingcynicisdryhuur;andsoundsenseinthosewords
hanfeitsesdescriptionoftheillsofhisuntryagreestoafaulththoseof
presentdayilarhecharacteroftheofficialsandpeopleofthose
daysthat;inreadinghiighteasilyforgetthatheode
chinahetracedtherruptionoftheofficialsandtheapathyofthepeopleofhisday
tothelainsteadofralizingaboutit;
hepreaentandthelackofpubliclegal
protectionthatfaulthesaidalltroubleslayinthelackofa”publirjust
laapackofgabblingfools;
ightbefittinglyappliedtosonyofour”longgoriots”todayhe
saidoftheoffiethattheyheirrruptionbecause
thereentforthehesaidintheseveryhoughtheir
nationalterritoryissacrificed;theirfalieshavegotrichiftheysucceed;theywill
bepofort”梬ordsthatght
havebeenthatislivinginretirentindairen
ortheshanghaisettlentshesaidthatbe;”people
otedacrdingtotheirpartynnections;andodiverttheir
attentiontosocialentertainntsratherthanthefulfilntofthelarue
theseselvesknow
thereportantpassagein
”publiccitizen”andriedtoacuntforthegeneralapathyandindifferenceof
thepeopletoheiationalaffairshesaidineffect:”noo
fighttheyhertheygoforubackthatisdangerousfor
theyouasktheoforsaketheiroilitaryservice;
andanyattentionofurse;they
reinpoooobeindangerandpovertynaturally;theyryto
keepayouthereforetheyindtheirownbusinessandwillbe
interestedinbuildingtheirorytoavoidwarbyavoidingwar;
theyerichand
securetheelvesforlifenoliketobehyandtoliveinpeace
andhofroeekingpeaceandhthisisthereason
anyprivateindividuals;”
itisstilltruetodaythatanyprivate
individualsandthereasonistobefoundinthelaistoodangerous
forantobetoopublicspirited;itisnaturalthatheshouldtakeanapathetic
attitudetoentforgreedyand
rruptoffiuannaturethattheyshouldnotberrupt
hencehanfeitsebelievedintheestablishntofan”inviolablelahshould
applytoboththerulerandtheruledalike”hebelievedthatthelawshouldbe
supre;thatallpeopleshouldbeequalbeforethelahatthislawshouldbe
appliedinplaceofpersonalpreferencesandnnections
hereoste;butwehavea
typeofthinkingthatstrikesasbeingstunghineseitisstrangethat;in
ntrasttothenfucianistdictuhat”urtesyshouldnotbeextendedtothe
nersandpunishntshouldnotbeserveduptothelords9wehaveherea
legalistighty;and
statutesthatshouldbeappliedrigidly;sothathelahecleverwill
subtandthepoptedfrobr 》
punishntandreble”hanfeitse
nceivedofalahehighandthelohecleveronesandthestupid
onesshallstandequal”hepushedtheideaofachanisticruleofthelahat
hebelieveditechanistic
notionotallyunchinese
henentinhissystehat”thekingshoulddonothing”theking
shoulddonothing;becausehesahekingsuldnotdoanythinganyhe
averagerunofkin
………………………………
第70节
gsgoes;andthereshouldbeaentrunningso
justlyandperfeatterherhe
king;therefore;beesafigurehead;asinthedenstitutionalgovent
theenglishpeoplehaveakingtolayfoundationstonesandchristenshipsandblight
people;butitisentirelyuniortanttothenationhertheyhaveagoodorbad
king;anintelligentkingoraparativelydiocrekingthesystehouldrunof
itselfthatinessennceingtheking;as
interpretedbyhanfeitseandpractisedalsohgreatsuccessinengland
itisaqueerironyoffatethatthegoodoldschoolteachefuciusshouldeverbe
oralllyddlestuffshouldeverbe
honouredeofa”politientbyvirtue
andbybenevolentrulersissofantastiore
oneghtjustasotortraffinbroadrustingtothedrivers
spontaneousurtesy;insteadofbyasystefredandgreenlightsandanythinking
studentofentdla
nfuoralizinghasalostrrupt
theorerrupt
thaneonestheplain;inexorablepoliticalandhistoricaltruthisthatwhenyou
treatoffiuouttobecrooks;butreat
theikecrooks;hprisonsandthreatsofprisons;astheydointhe;
nsiderablylessthanoenthsu
succeedinpretendingthattheyaregentlenasaresult;youhaveatleastthe
selanentthatselanceishhavingthatis
chinashouldhavedonelongago;andthatsesadvicethousandyears
ago;beforeheadetoquaffpoison
chapterseven
literarylife
iadistinction
thechinesekeadistinctionbeteraturethatinstructsandliteraturethat
pleases;orliteraturethatis”thevehicleoftruth”andliteraturethatis”theexpression
ofetionthedistinerisobjectiveandexpository;
erisofgreater
valuethanthelatter;beindsandupliftssocietys
ralsfrohispointofvieasas”littlearts;
unhytoenterthehallofgreatliterature”theonlyexceptionispoetry;h
theynotonlydonotdespisebutoreintensivelyandgenerally
thanintheatteroffareadnovelsanddrasonthesly;
andtheofficialesonlyofbenevolenceandrighteousnessinhisessayswill
befound;inprivatenversations;tobequitefaliarhtheheroesandheroinesof
;thepoographiovelparexcellence;orofpinhua
paoosexualnovel
thereasonforthisisnotfartoseekthe”literaturethatinstructs35isonthewholeof
suchlooralplatitudesandnaivereasoning;andthe
speofideasissoheedinbythefearofheresy;thattheonlychineseliterature
thatisreadableisliteratureintheasand
poetry;ie;literatureoftheiginationratherthanliteratureofideasscholarswho
istsenknoo
handleasickleeaboutagriculture;andpoliticiansengineerse
about”aplanforhuanghonservancy”anextrelypopulartopic;
inthesphereofideasthescholarsuing
sorsaultsinthenfucianschoolandlookingforheurtsofthe
nfudenounreadevendaredto
playtantishandtheir
vegetarianisalfheartedthefearofheresyhungovertheirheadsliketheswordof
daeanthefearoforiginalityliterature
aneityhtheclassicaltraditionofideas
the”freeplayofthend”elylitedinspe;andthe”sorsaultsin
thenfucianschool;”hoightbe;ersaults
hinthenfucianprecincts
afterall;anationofscholarsuldnotdiscussbenevolenceandrighteousnessfortwo
thousandfivehundredyearsselvesactually;anessayh
perialexanations;oplain
english;aggerenglishreadersbyitspuerilityandchildishnessthegigantic
literaryfeatproducedbythegiganticbrainpopressionofthe
anticsofafleacircusaeruldthereforebeoriginalonlyinthesphereofnovels
anddras;fortablyoneself;andaginationuldbe
creative
asatteroffact;allliteraturethatisans
soul;islyricalinoriginthisistrueevenintheliteratureofideas:onlyideasthat
estraightfroansheartadethispointclearas
farbackas1795inhisnjecturesenoriginalpositionchinshengtan;a
distinguishedcritiftheseventeenthcentury;saidrepeatedlyinhisletters:”is
poetrybutavoiceoftheheartitcanbefoundinensandchildrenshearts;and
itestoyoubyingandbynight”theoriginofliteratureisreallyassile
asthat;inspiteofalltherhetoricalandpositionaltechniquethatprofessorsoi
literaturetrytoencuerithchinshengtanalsosays;”theancientpeoplewere
notpelledtosayanything;bu1theysuddenlysaidsothingpurelyoftheirown
aetisofevents;andsotisoftheirownfeelings;and
havingfinishedtheyhadtosay;theytookleaveand
………………………………
第71节
departed”thedifference
betereesayitbeautifullyandothersdo
not;andtheyorebeautifullythanotherssurvive
thelyriakesitpossibleforustoregardliteratureasa
refleanssoul;andtoregardanationsliteratureastherefleans
spiritinthatnationforiflifeybeparedtoalargecity;ansay
beregardedasthehecityinreadinga
nshisgarretainaviewof
lifeastheountainpeaksliningthehorizon;
andthealleye;butthatgarretviewof
thecityisindividualisticandpeculiarlyhisoionsliteraturewe
arethereforebuttryingtogetagliseoflifeasthebestndsofthatnationseeit
andastheyexpressitthroughtheiroediu
iilanguageandthought
theaediuorthechineselanguage;haslargely
deteedthepeentofchineseliteraturebyparisonhthe
europeanlanguagesitispossibletotracehouchofthepeculiaritiesofchinese
thoughtandliteratureareduesilytotheirpossessionofasocallednosyllabic
languagethefactthatthechinesespokeinsyllableslikechingychong》changwas
appallinginnsequendeteedthecharacterofthe
chineseing;andthecharacterofthechineseingbroughtaboutthentinuity
oftheliteraryheritageandthereforeeveninfluencedthenservatisfchinese
thoughtitentofaliterarylanguagequite
distinadeleaingdifficultand
neiteddirectly
influenentofcertainpeculiaritiesofchineseliterarystyle
everynationhasdevelopedaostsuitabletoitslanguageeuropedidnot
developaingonpictorialprinciplesbecausethephoicstructureof
indogeicparativeprofusionofnsonantsand
infinitelyvariablebinations;requiredananalyticalphabet;andakethe
representationofthese
ofideographsuldbeusedalone;andithecaseofchinese;
neentthepictorialprinciplebythephoicprinciplebeforeit
uldhaveanyiortantdevelopnttheseelentarypictographshenused
inbinationspurelyfortheirphoicvalue;andactuallynienthsoftheover
fortythousandcharactersinchinesedictionariesarebuiltontheprincipleofphoic
bination;haboutthirteenhundredideographsasphoicsignsha
nosyllabiclanguage;suchasthechinese;fourhundred
syllabicbinationsnotuntingthetoneslikeching9chong;chang;thisuld
sufficebutaniclanguagetheinventionofanebolfor
everynebinationlikeschlachtandkraftingeor
scratched;scraped;splashandscalpelinenglishpossible
taskthechineselanguagefailedtodevelopaphoicscriptintheesense
bebolsuldsufficehadthechinese
beenspeatdngalanguageanschlachtandkraftorthe
englishscratchedandscalpel;theyy;inventeda
phoicscriptlonga
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