《吾国与吾民-My Country and My people(英文版)》

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吾国与吾民-My Country and My people(英文版)- 第27部分


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    beenspeatdngalanguageanschlachtandkraftorthe

    englishscratchedandscalpel;theyy;inventeda

    phoicscriptlongago

    theperfectadjustntbetonosyllabiclanguageandtheten

    characterscanbeeasilydeplainthelanguageischaracterizedbyagreatscarcity

    ofsyllabisandnsequentlyagreatnuerofhonyorhe

    sasoundthesoundpaocananoveradozenthings:”apackage”tocarry

    ”ach;””abubble;”etcsincethepictorialprincipleitedin

    applicationtoncretethingsoractions;andplicated;theoriginalspurelyphoicvalueand

    ”borroesoundhappenedthenhat

    thereoreorlessfixedinthe

    handynasty;berofsuch”borroingdifferent

    thingsnecessityforcedthechinesetoaddasigncalled”radical”toindicatethe

    classofideashisparticularendedtoreferto

    theuseofphoicsyolstooexact;andhencehefollowing

    odechinese;alltenh

    theoriginal”package”signgj;buteachtakingaclasssignorradical;as

    thuspaoplusa”hand”radieanstorun;plus

    ”eansagoeansach;plus”er”

    ansabubble;plus”fire”ansfirecrackers;plusa”fish”ansthenaofafish;

    plus”flesh”anstheb;plus”stone”ansaouth”ansto

    roar;plus”grass”ansafloeanshail;plusa”knife”ansto

    sofhony

    butsupposetheprobleny;supposethechineselanguagehad

    heenglishscraped;scratched;andscalpel;orsupposetheenglishpeople

    startedouthabasicphoicpictureforscap;theyed

    equallybynecessitytodistinguishbethesoundscapeandscape;orbetween

    scapeandscrape;orbetch;and

    theresultuldnothavebeenanythingexceptanalphabethsignstodenotes;r;

    edt};p;ch;etchadthechinesedohistheytoo;and

    nsequentlyhavehadareeracy

    given;therefore;thenosyllabiccharacterofthechineselanguage;itost

    inevitablethatpictorialcharactersalonehasprofoundlychanged

    thecharacterandpositionofleainginchinabytheirverynaturethechinese

    charactersare
………………………………

第72节

    notsubjeesyoluldbe

    readindifferentdialectsorevenlanguages;asthesignofthe

    christiancrossuldbepronouncedcrossinenglishandcroixinfrench

    thishasaveryclosebearingontheunityofchineseculturethroughouttheold

    eirereiortantthanthat;theuseofthecharactersdethereadingofthe

    nfucianclassicspossibleafterthelapseofathousandyearstheideathatthe

    nfucianclassicsuldhavebeeunreadableinthesixthcenturyofourerais

    extrelyintriguing;andoneistetedtoothe

    trendousrespehadthathappened

    actually;thechinesecharactersundereofthe

    buingofbooksbychinshihhuang;andtodaynfucianscholarsaresplitinto

    tps;onebelievingintheclassictextsin”ancientscripts”e;andtheother

    believinginthe”descripts”hholarswho

    hadttedtheory;andsurvivedtheshortlivedchindynasty

    nevertheless;frohattionhereisantinuityofing;h

    aparativelyuniortantevolutionoffor;ustlargelyacuntforthe

    hypnoticpoinds

    istrueoftheentireliteraryheritage;

    especiallythatingafterthehandaysachineseschoolboyanreadan

    authorofahundredyearsagould;bythatverytraining;readhethirteenth;

    tenthorsendesensethatadeartistcanappreciate

    thevenusdeloeeaseasheappreciatesrodinheinfluenceof

    theclassicheritagehavebeensopoindhavebeenso

    nservativeandhepast;hadthatpastbeenlessreadilyunderstood

    onewonders

    yetinanotherheuseofthecharactershelpedinthecreationofafairlystable

    literarylanguage;quitedifferentfrohespokenlanguage;andrathertoodifficultfor

    theaveragesastericscripturallythe

    changesandidioofalivinglanguage;thelanguageofbols;bybeing

    lessdependentuponsounds;aandgraaritdid

    nothavetoobeythelae;ithaditslawsof

    strusulatedbyliteraryaccidentsfrohe

    etohaveanindependentrealityofitsown;

    subjectreorlesstoliteraryfashions

    astion;thisdiscrepancybetheliterarylanguageandtheliving

    languageoftheagebecagreaterandgreater;untiltodaythestudyoftheancient

    languageis;inpointofpsyilartothe

    leaingofaforeigntongueforthechinesepeoplethelawsofordinary

    sentencestructuredifferbetheliteraryandthespokenlanguage;sothatone

    cannoterelysubstitutingcertainancientwordsfor

    thedeplephraselikethreeouncessilvershouldbesyntactically

    changedintosilverthreeouncesandodechinesesayneversaw

    it}9theancientidioequiresthenstructionneveritsaheaccusativeobject

    beingregularlyplaodechinese

    sitthesaidioticblundersaswhenenglish

    schoolboyssayjevoisvousinleaingfrenchjustasinleaingaforeignlanguage

    averyextensiveacquaintancehthatlanguageisnecessarybeforeonecanreally

    stertheordinaryidio;sointhepracticeofingancientchinese;yearsoforal

    repetitionandreadingofsterpiecesnienyearsarerequiredbeforeone

    canefairlypresentableancientchineseandjustasveryfeceedin

    reallysteringaforeignlanguagesoinrealityveryfeholarssucceed

    inatiost

    ofushavetoputupnd

    easilyenough;butothertongue

    theuseoftheentpossiblereover;the

    independensoundgreatlyaccelerateditsnosyllabicquality

    actually;bisyllabichespokenlanguagecanberepresentedbya

    nosyllabiakesthe

    aningalreadyquiteclearthus;inthespokenlanguagelao

    hu”oldtiger”todistingui**aurallyfrodozenothera;butining;the

    uchre

    nosyllabicthanthespokenlanguage;sinceitsbasisisvisualandnotaural

    frohisextrenosyllabishendevelopedanextretersenessofstyle;

    itatedinthespokenlanguagehouttheriskofunintelligibility;

    buthecharacteristicbeautyofchineseliteraturethusinchinawehavea

    treofexaetre;sayingprobablyas

    chastheenglish

    language;orinanyspokenlanguageyof

    yleoitsfinest

    nuanceinsoundvalueandissurcharged;asiteaningaseticulous

    poets;chineseasteryofthis

    eansextresteryinthechoiceofearosea

    literarytraditionfocingeasocialtraditionandfinallya

    ntalhabitofthechinese

    thensequentdiffiitationofliteracyin

    china;itationofliteracyintuchangedthe

    ionofchinesesocietyandthe
………………………………

第73节

    olexionofchineseculture;

    andonesotisherthechinesepeopleasawholewouldbeso

    docileandsorespectfultotheirsuperiorshadtheyspokenaninflexionallanguageand

    nsequentlyusedanalphabetiesfeelthat;hadthechinese

    nagedtoretainafeorefinalorinitialnsonantsintheirlanguage;notonly

    heyhaveshakentheauthorityofnfuciustoitsfoundations;butvery

    possiblyodohepoliticalstructureand;hthegeneral

    spreadofknoillenniuofleisure;wouldhaveforgedahead

    inotherlinesandgiventheoreinventionslikeprintingandgunpowder

    ancivilizationonthispla

    iiischolarship

    beforeagination;

    achievedbyobscureorunknoershroughtheclassicaltraditionandeoutofthegladnessoftheirheartsandforthesheerdelightofcreationinother

    asituteliteraturepar

    excellenceintheihententof

    classicalliterature;thequalitiesofchinesescholarship;andthelifeandeducationof

    thatssofeducatednoralizealotandcreatenothing

    dothesescholarsentaloccupation

    chinaisalandofscholars;esofpeace;

    atleast;theivatedthis

    ofapopularsuperstitionthatnopaper

    bearingingshouldbethroorusedforindecentpurposes;butshouldbe

    lleplesintisofhestoryisslightly

    different;forsoldiersusedtogointoascholarshouseandeitherbuoldrare

    editionsasfuel;orblo;orttheoageneral

    nflagrationyetsostupendousore

    booksthesoldiersbued;thebiggerthellee

    inthesuidynasty;aroundtheyear600;theierialdynastyalreadyunted

    370;000volusinthetangdynastytheierialllebered208;000

    volusintheyear1005;inthesungdynasty;thefirstencyclopaedia;nsistingof

    1;000volus;piledthenextgreatierialllection;thetunglotatien;

    llectedundereeroryunglo14031424;nsistedof22;877books;in11;995

    volus;ofselectedrareancientost

    statesnlikeaperorchienlungakeathoroughoverhaulingof

    extantbooksfortheostensiblepurposeofpreservingthebuththeequally

    iortantpurposeofdestroyinghatsavouredofdissatisfactionhthealien

    regi;andhesueshwerepreserved

    originallyinsevensetsintheffucttuanshubuthealsosucceededin

    orderingthepleteorpartialdestructionofabout2;000books;involvingabouta

    sreofissalfroffient;floggingordeathoftheauthors;

    sotisinplesandthesellingoftheir

    falyasslaves梐llthisbeisuseofahthe

    yunglotatienandthesstit**uanshurepresentedaselectionofhyof

    preservationacrdingtotheorthodoxstandardsthereber

    ofention;habriefdescriptioninthecatalogue;

    butthesellectedinthesstikuckuanshuforperpetuationthese;of

    urse;didnotincludethetrulycreativeenarebrothersorthered

    endousauntofpichi;or

    ”notebooks;”onoddsandends;froistoricalresearchestonotesontealeavesand

    fausspringsandsketchesoffoxes;erspiritsandchastehwere

    thedelightofthechinesescholars

    ;then;didthesebookstalkaboutarevie

    ofchineselibraries;handeddothessukuckiianshu》erestchinesebooksareclassifiedintothefourbigdivisions:aclassics;bhistory;c

    philosophy;anddllectederaturetheclassicsdivisionincludesthe

    classicsandclassicphilology;e

    thehistorydivisonincludesdynastichistories;specialhistories;biography;

    scellaneousrerds;geographyincludingtravelsketchesandlocalhistoryof

    distriousuntains;civilservicesystelaatutes;bibliography;

    andhistori

    theschoolsofphilosophyofthechoudynasty;butadetoincludeallthe

    specialartsandsciencesofchinaasinthe”facultyofphilosophy”ofae

    university;iny;astrology;

    neusic;housederation;

    ;buddhistaoisreferenceworks;anda

    hostoftheaboventioned”notebooks;”ntainingaiscuous;

    unshifted;unsenaoftheuniverse;h

    apreferenceforthehesupeaturalinpopularbookshopsthenovelsare

    alsoincludedinthisdivisionthellectedaybecalledthe

    literaturedivision;becauseitincludesthellectederary

    a

    thearrayofsposingthananexanationoftheitentswould

    shoually;therearenospecialsciencesinchina;outsidetheserioussciencesof

    classicphilologyandhistory;rulybranchesofexactclassifiedknowledge;

    andy;apartfroheworksof

    jesuitdisciples;isverynearastrology;andzoologyandbotanyareverynearcuisine;

    sinalsandfruitsandvegetablesareeatabledicineusually

    oancyandfortuel
………………………………

第74节

    ling

    psyyarehiddenalloverang

    thenotebooks;andersintotheclassificationofbotanyand

    zoologyinthephilosophydivisionorscellaneousrerdsinthehistory

    divisionaorespecializednatureoftheiotes;but;

    thenotebooks

    intheliteraturedivisioninspiritandtechnique

    chinesescholarshavebrieflythreelinesinodeveloptheirpeculiargenius:

    realscholarlyresearch;politicalcandidacy;andliteratureintheclassicalsense;and

    ayacrdinglyclassifychinesescholarsintothethreetypes;scholars;thegentry;

    andinationsis

    sodifferentthattherestbeanearlychoicebethetherehujen;

    orcandidateofthesendrank;he

    ”thirteennfucianclassicsandthereanyleaedscholarsheir

    lifeuldnothaveinations

    butthespiritofoldchinesescholarshipirablethebestofthescholars

    rrespondedtothescientisttypeofeurope;escientificdevotiontoleaingandcapacityfordrudgery;althoughoftenhoutthescientifictechnique;

    andtheirheelucidityofstyleandgentreasoningfor

    oldeantiensedrudgery;aprodigiousleaing

    andanalstsuperhunry;depossibleonlybyalif
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