beenspeatdngalanguageanschlachtandkraftorthe
englishscratchedandscalpel;theyy;inventeda
phoicscriptlongago
theperfectadjustntbetonosyllabiclanguageandtheten
characterscanbeeasilydeplainthelanguageischaracterizedbyagreatscarcity
ofsyllabisandnsequentlyagreatnuerofhonyorhe
sasoundthesoundpaocananoveradozenthings:”apackage”tocarry
”ach;””abubble;”etcsincethepictorialprincipleitedin
applicationtoncretethingsoractions;andplicated;theoriginalspurelyphoicvalueand
”borroesoundhappenedthenhat
thereoreorlessfixedinthe
handynasty;berofsuch”borroingdifferent
thingsnecessityforcedthechinesetoaddasigncalled”radical”toindicatethe
classofideashisparticularendedtoreferto
theuseofphoicsyolstooexact;andhencehefollowing
odechinese;alltenh
theoriginal”package”signgj;buteachtakingaclasssignorradical;as
thuspaoplusa”hand”radieanstorun;plus
”eansagoeansach;plus”er”
ansabubble;plus”fire”ansfirecrackers;plusa”fish”ansthenaofafish;
plus”flesh”anstheb;plus”stone”ansaouth”ansto
roar;plus”grass”ansafloeanshail;plusa”knife”ansto
sofhony
butsupposetheprobleny;supposethechineselanguagehad
heenglishscraped;scratched;andscalpel;orsupposetheenglishpeople
startedouthabasicphoicpictureforscap;theyed
equallybynecessitytodistinguishbethesoundscapeandscape;orbetween
scapeandscrape;orbetch;and
theresultuldnothavebeenanythingexceptanalphabethsignstodenotes;r;
edt};p;ch;etchadthechinesedohistheytoo;and
nsequentlyhavehadareeracy
given;therefore;thenosyllabiccharacterofthechineselanguage;itost
inevitablethatpictorialcharactersalonehasprofoundlychanged
thecharacterandpositionofleainginchinabytheirverynaturethechinese
charactersare
………………………………
第72节
notsubjeesyoluldbe
readindifferentdialectsorevenlanguages;asthesignofthe
christiancrossuldbepronouncedcrossinenglishandcroixinfrench
thishasaveryclosebearingontheunityofchineseculturethroughouttheold
eirereiortantthanthat;theuseofthecharactersdethereadingofthe
nfucianclassicspossibleafterthelapseofathousandyearstheideathatthe
nfucianclassicsuldhavebeeunreadableinthesixthcenturyofourerais
extrelyintriguing;andoneistetedtoothe
trendousrespehadthathappened
actually;thechinesecharactersundereofthe
buingofbooksbychinshihhuang;andtodaynfucianscholarsaresplitinto
tps;onebelievingintheclassictextsin”ancientscripts”e;andtheother
believinginthe”descripts”hholarswho
hadttedtheory;andsurvivedtheshortlivedchindynasty
nevertheless;frohattionhereisantinuityofing;h
aparativelyuniortantevolutionoffor;ustlargelyacuntforthe
hypnoticpoinds
istrueoftheentireliteraryheritage;
especiallythatingafterthehandaysachineseschoolboyanreadan
authorofahundredyearsagould;bythatverytraining;readhethirteenth;
tenthorsendesensethatadeartistcanappreciate
thevenusdeloeeaseasheappreciatesrodinheinfluenceof
theclassicheritagehavebeensopoindhavebeenso
nservativeandhepast;hadthatpastbeenlessreadilyunderstood
onewonders
yetinanotherheuseofthecharactershelpedinthecreationofafairlystable
literarylanguage;quitedifferentfrohespokenlanguage;andrathertoodifficultfor
theaveragesastericscripturallythe
changesandidioofalivinglanguage;thelanguageofbols;bybeing
lessdependentuponsounds;aandgraaritdid
nothavetoobeythelae;ithaditslawsof
strusulatedbyliteraryaccidentsfrohe
etohaveanindependentrealityofitsown;
subjectreorlesstoliteraryfashions
astion;thisdiscrepancybetheliterarylanguageandtheliving
languageoftheagebecagreaterandgreater;untiltodaythestudyoftheancient
languageis;inpointofpsyilartothe
leaingofaforeigntongueforthechinesepeoplethelawsofordinary
sentencestructuredifferbetheliteraryandthespokenlanguage;sothatone
cannoterelysubstitutingcertainancientwordsfor
thedeplephraselikethreeouncessilvershouldbesyntactically
changedintosilverthreeouncesandodechinesesayneversaw
it}9theancientidioequiresthenstructionneveritsaheaccusativeobject
beingregularlyplaodechinese
sitthesaidioticblundersaswhenenglish
schoolboyssayjevoisvousinleaingfrenchjustasinleaingaforeignlanguage
averyextensiveacquaintancehthatlanguageisnecessarybeforeonecanreally
stertheordinaryidio;sointhepracticeofingancientchinese;yearsoforal
repetitionandreadingofsterpiecesnienyearsarerequiredbeforeone
canefairlypresentableancientchineseandjustasveryfeceedin
reallysteringaforeignlanguagesoinrealityveryfeholarssucceed
inatiost
ofushavetoputupnd
easilyenough;butothertongue
theuseoftheentpossiblereover;the
independensoundgreatlyaccelerateditsnosyllabicquality
actually;bisyllabichespokenlanguagecanberepresentedbya
nosyllabiakesthe
aningalreadyquiteclearthus;inthespokenlanguagelao
hu”oldtiger”todistingui**aurallyfrodozenothera;butining;the
uchre
nosyllabicthanthespokenlanguage;sinceitsbasisisvisualandnotaural
frohisextrenosyllabishendevelopedanextretersenessofstyle;
itatedinthespokenlanguagehouttheriskofunintelligibility;
buthecharacteristicbeautyofchineseliteraturethusinchinawehavea
treofexaetre;sayingprobablyas
chastheenglish
language;orinanyspokenlanguageyof
yleoitsfinest
nuanceinsoundvalueandissurcharged;asiteaningaseticulous
poets;chineseasteryofthis
eansextresteryinthechoiceofearosea
literarytraditionfocingeasocialtraditionandfinallya
ntalhabitofthechinese
thensequentdiffiitationofliteracyin
china;itationofliteracyintuchangedthe
ionofchinesesocietyandthe
………………………………
第73节
olexionofchineseculture;
andonesotisherthechinesepeopleasawholewouldbeso
docileandsorespectfultotheirsuperiorshadtheyspokenaninflexionallanguageand
nsequentlyusedanalphabetiesfeelthat;hadthechinese
nagedtoretainafeorefinalorinitialnsonantsintheirlanguage;notonly
heyhaveshakentheauthorityofnfuciustoitsfoundations;butvery
possiblyodohepoliticalstructureand;hthegeneral
spreadofknoillenniuofleisure;wouldhaveforgedahead
inotherlinesandgiventheoreinventionslikeprintingandgunpowder
ancivilizationonthispla
iiischolarship
beforeagination;
achievedbyobscureorunknoershroughtheclassicaltraditionandeoutofthegladnessoftheirheartsandforthesheerdelightofcreationinother
asituteliteraturepar
excellenceintheihententof
classicalliterature;thequalitiesofchinesescholarship;andthelifeandeducationof
thatssofeducatednoralizealotandcreatenothing
dothesescholarsentaloccupation
chinaisalandofscholars;esofpeace;
atleast;theivatedthis
ofapopularsuperstitionthatnopaper
bearingingshouldbethroorusedforindecentpurposes;butshouldbe
lleplesintisofhestoryisslightly
different;forsoldiersusedtogointoascholarshouseandeitherbuoldrare
editionsasfuel;orblo;orttheoageneral
nflagrationyetsostupendousore
booksthesoldiersbued;thebiggerthellee
inthesuidynasty;aroundtheyear600;theierialdynastyalreadyunted
370;000volusinthetangdynastytheierialllebered208;000
volusintheyear1005;inthesungdynasty;thefirstencyclopaedia;nsistingof
1;000volus;piledthenextgreatierialllection;thetunglotatien;
llectedundereeroryunglo14031424;nsistedof22;877books;in11;995
volus;ofselectedrareancientost
statesnlikeaperorchienlungakeathoroughoverhaulingof
extantbooksfortheostensiblepurposeofpreservingthebuththeequally
iortantpurposeofdestroyinghatsavouredofdissatisfactionhthealien
regi;andhesueshwerepreserved
originallyinsevensetsintheffucttuanshubuthealsosucceededin
orderingthepleteorpartialdestructionofabout2;000books;involvingabouta
sreofissalfroffient;floggingordeathoftheauthors;
sotisinplesandthesellingoftheir
falyasslaves梐llthisbeisuseofahthe
yunglotatienandthesstit**uanshurepresentedaselectionofhyof
preservationacrdingtotheorthodoxstandardsthereber
ofention;habriefdescriptioninthecatalogue;
butthesellectedinthesstikuckuanshuforperpetuationthese;of
urse;didnotincludethetrulycreativeenarebrothersorthered
endousauntofpichi;or
”notebooks;”onoddsandends;froistoricalresearchestonotesontealeavesand
fausspringsandsketchesoffoxes;erspiritsandchastehwere
thedelightofthechinesescholars
;then;didthesebookstalkaboutarevie
ofchineselibraries;handeddothessukuckiianshu》erestchinesebooksareclassifiedintothefourbigdivisions:aclassics;bhistory;c
philosophy;anddllectederaturetheclassicsdivisionincludesthe
classicsandclassicphilology;e
thehistorydivisonincludesdynastichistories;specialhistories;biography;
scellaneousrerds;geographyincludingtravelsketchesandlocalhistoryof
distriousuntains;civilservicesystelaatutes;bibliography;
andhistori
theschoolsofphilosophyofthechoudynasty;butadetoincludeallthe
specialartsandsciencesofchinaasinthe”facultyofphilosophy”ofae
university;iny;astrology;
neusic;housederation;
;buddhistaoisreferenceworks;anda
hostoftheaboventioned”notebooks;”ntainingaiscuous;
unshifted;unsenaoftheuniverse;h
apreferenceforthehesupeaturalinpopularbookshopsthenovelsare
alsoincludedinthisdivisionthellectedaybecalledthe
literaturedivision;becauseitincludesthellectederary
a
thearrayofsposingthananexanationoftheitentswould
shoually;therearenospecialsciencesinchina;outsidetheserioussciencesof
classicphilologyandhistory;rulybranchesofexactclassifiedknowledge;
andy;apartfroheworksof
jesuitdisciples;isverynearastrology;andzoologyandbotanyareverynearcuisine;
sinalsandfruitsandvegetablesareeatabledicineusually
oancyandfortuel
………………………………
第74节
ling
psyyarehiddenalloverang
thenotebooks;andersintotheclassificationofbotanyand
zoologyinthephilosophydivisionorscellaneousrerdsinthehistory
divisionaorespecializednatureoftheiotes;but;
thenotebooks
intheliteraturedivisioninspiritandtechnique
chinesescholarshavebrieflythreelinesinodeveloptheirpeculiargenius:
realscholarlyresearch;politicalcandidacy;andliteratureintheclassicalsense;and
ayacrdinglyclassifychinesescholarsintothethreetypes;scholars;thegentry;
andinationsis
sodifferentthattherestbeanearlychoicebethetherehujen;
orcandidateofthesendrank;he
”thirteennfucianclassicsandthereanyleaedscholarsheir
lifeuldnothaveinations
butthespiritofoldchinesescholarshipirablethebestofthescholars
rrespondedtothescientisttypeofeurope;escientificdevotiontoleaingandcapacityfordrudgery;althoughoftenhoutthescientifictechnique;
andtheirheelucidityofstyleandgentreasoningfor
oldeantiensedrudgery;aprodigiousleaing
andanalstsuperhunry;depossibleonlybyalif
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