oldeantiensedrudgery；aprodigiousleaing
andanalstsuperhunry；depossibleonlybyalifelongdevotionto
leaingthereainoushistory
froeginningtoend；fohadtotrusttohisstoreof
ryinfact；easilylocatedknohuldbefoundinany
encyclopaediaherlookeddoneed
encyclopaediasanysuchyclopaediasinfleshandblood
andafterall；etodigginguporiginalsouratterintheold
sontsnoticeorafteringawhole
daytheenglishnobilityusedtospenda；anddidnot
enjoyittheless；andeexcitentin”scenting”their
ga；thesadisappointntafterfindingaredherringandthesajoyhey
hadtraonuntaledby
individualsatuanlinorchengghiao；orthe
etylogientaryoftuan
yiitsaiinthebeginningofthenchuperiod；thescholarkuyenh
onchineseculturalgeography；usedtotravelhthreecartsofbooks；and
aterialevidencesotradictingstories
froldpeoplefroellectedfirsthanddata；heinhis
bookssuchquestforknothelaboursof
escientiststhereainfieldsinchineseleainghofferedan
opportunityforpainstakinganddisciplinedresearchsuchfieldsance；
theevolutionofthechinesescriptshuohehistoryofchinesesounds；the
endationofanquotations；thestudyof
anonials；architectureandstus；theverificationof
nasofanilsandfishesintheclassics；thestudyofbronze；stoneandbone
insesinthehistoryofthengoldynastyothers
hadastheirhobbiestheanas；the
bookofchangesyiking；sungphilosophylihsiiefi；historyofchinesepainting；
anuchdependedonthe
teaicstudiesof
theperiodintheddleofthenchuregi；scholarship
hadreacheditssuit；thereedinthehuangckingchingchiehandshu
huangckingchingchiehaboutfourhundredooverathousand
volus；nsistingofselyspeilar
innatureandspirittothedoodeuniversities；onlyha
turersuchlongeryearsoflabour；oneofhiknow
tooktheauthorthirtyyears
ivthellege
buttruescientistsareasrareinchinaastheyareintheontheotherhand；we
haveasnypoliticalcandidatesastherearephdsinarica；nwhoneeda
ranktoeatheiroherpeoplesrespectperhapsthechineseofficial
eripass
anexanationeansnoreorlessthanthatthecandidatehasdonea
therank
forpurelyrhavereceivedaneducationh
totallyunfitstheoranythingexceptthehandlingofbooksandthepeddlingof
knowledge
thechinesephds；hotherewere
angtheealtalents；ookthesedegreesfooearthlyreasonexceptthefun
andeaseoftakingtheandbedveryhigh；reachingthelaststageof
ierialexanations；beingachinshihorhanlintheseagistrates
orbeajorityoftheunkinthefirstor
sendgrades；calledhsiutsaibaandchiijenarespectivelystillagreater
jorityneverreachedeventhefirstgrade；andtheyhe”students”or
atureagefedbytheirdistricts
froffiunicipalfoundations；andthesesedintheuntrysidelikeso
nyuneloyed
angthefirstte
sasters；ethe”localgentry”theyateur
lasforaliving；hth
………………………………
第75节
eyan
bureauonopolies；9hthelocal
richtheydidnotknohingaboutscholarshipexceptthattheyuldrepeatthe
textsofthefiveostentaxiesby
ghuhsi；theoneandonlyrrectinterpretationofnfucian
truthstheyuldnotegoodpoetry；andtheirtrainingfortheofficial
exanationsitedinspeandtheeightleggedessaystyletheyhad
leaedionalthattheyuldnoteeitherarrectnewspaper
reportofeventsorasilebusinessnoteinvolvingrathervulgaasof
dities；ineneasilysurpassedthebuttheir
potobedespisedtheyhadaclassnsciousness；aclassorganization；
andakuyenhese”students；”
e
therestbehalfallionofthesestudentsinthethreehundredhsienthey
leaisinations；andnotoneinseveraltenscanedecently
notoneinathousandreallyhassteredtheclassicleainganduldbeusedby
theeerortheyareextheoppression
ofthebureauentoffloggingaturt；andycall
ongistratesintheirscholarsgoanypeopledesiretobestudents；not
neiliestakingseventypercentastheaverage；henthreehundredandfifty
thousandstudentsintheuntryeforsuchofficialprotectionitisthese
studentsentointerfereinistrationitis
thesestudentsheuntrypeopleitisthese
studentsakefriendsenitesorbeeyanitestheelvesitis
thesestudentsinistrationdoesnotfolloheirwish；bind
theelvestogetherinaroisthesestudentshesecretsofthe
officialdondtradehtheslightestrebuff；theycryout；”youare
killingthescholarsyouareburyingnfucianists”；thegreatesttroubleofa
untryisdeetogetherandforpartythesestudentse
frollpartsoftheland；sofrodistana
distanceoftenthousandiltheydonotknoesordialectsbutonce
theyhavepassedtheexanationstheyforsolid；unbreakableblockthe
ilsarefulloftheirlettersofrendation；andofficialdosfulloftheir
privaterequests
kueinanagehisevilhadbeenespeciallyaggravated；buttheparasitic
natureofthesebasandas；oreducatedloafers；isessentiallyunchangeddown
tothisday；heyhavebeenredubbed”llegegraduates”
notalloftheofurse；aresuchblackguardsthereareineverytownandvillage
good；retiring；thriftyandntentedscholars；otheoppressedratherthan
theoppressingainpooroe
soundsselves
intheirothesepeopleorfroheretalentedand
successfulcandidatesthatscholarlyobeexpected
afterall；theoldscholaris；ontheodellege
graduatehisknohistrainingin
annersisrethoroughboththeoldandde
edussufferfrohefoolishbeliefthatyoucanans
knoinations；ustbyneechanical
nature；andustnationratherthanonthe
developntofaindcannotbeeasilygradedorgivena
rkingof75or93；oreover；
anyllegeexanationstbeofsuchanaturethatstudentscanprepareforitata
data
icecanbeforgotteninasshortaperiodtherehavenotyetbeendevised
anyseriesofexanationsproofandstudentproof；andthevicti
areonlytheprofessorsobelievethattheirstudentshavereally
understoodtheirsubjects
theoldllegesysteherinthevillageschoolorintheshuyiianllegeof
higherstandard；hadadistinodeone；forthesilefainationsirelyoptional；itdidnotrdy
ontheuntingof”units”and”rks”it；heteacher
knelyhispupilshadorhadnotread；andherelose
andintiterelationshipbetoted；and
nooneever”graduated；”andnoonestudiedforadiplo；becausetherewasnone
aboveall；noonearktiandesheeptoju
overthefencenooneicsonathursday
ingandstopatthesendparagraph；heuldreadtotheendofthechapterif
heed；andhehadtoifherulyinterestedandlastofall；noonebelieved；or
triedtokeothersbelieve；thatbypilingup”units”ofpsychology；religionand
salesnshipandenglishnstitutionalhistoryonaperson；youcancreatean
edunoonebelieved；ortriedtokeothersbelieve；thatyou
can”test”ansappreciationofshakespearebyeithera”paraphrase”ofanypassage
orbyaskingaquestiononthedateofauthorshipofothello；orbykinghinswer
questionsonelizabethanidiotheonlythingallegeeducationreallydoesfor
anistoinstilinhiusandthede
valoreentariesthatforthereinderofhislifehewillshunshakespeareas
heshunspoison
vprose
thereent
perhapssoundsextrelyunfairandneedsanysales
………………………………
第76节
of
highflooricalprose；excellentintheirvirtuosity；
therearealsonysalesofpoeticprose；heircadenceofvowelsare
enentlysingableinfact；theregularheratschoolsorin
privatethereisreallynoappropriatehistypeofreading
inenglish；thesocalled”singing”istoreadthelinesaloudhakindofregulated
andexaggeratedintonation；notacrdingtoanyparticulartune；butfolloore
orlessthetonalvaluesofthevoeilartothe
readingofthe”lesson”bythedeanofanepispalianchurch；buththesyllablesa
greatdealredra
thistypeofpoeticproseisespeciallybadintheeuphuisticpositionsofthefifth
andsixthcenturies；lyoutofthefu；orhighflownprose；used
inierialeulogies；asunnaturalasanyurtpoetryandasawkwardasarussian
balletsucheuphuisticprose；runninginparallelnstructionsofalteatesentences
offourandsixsyllableshencecalledthessulinor”foursixstyle；”alsocalledpieni
or”parallelstyle”梬aspossibleonlyinadeadandhighlyartificiallanguage；entirely
cutapartfrohelivingrealitiesoftheagebutneithereuphuisticprose；norpoetic
prose；norhighfloaybecalledgoodprose
onlybyaeanprosehesweep
andrhythfagoodchatbythefireside；suchasusedbythegreatstorytellerslikedefoeorsorbosisclearthatsuchproseispossibleonlyinaliving；
andnotinanartificial；languageextrelygoodprosethereisinthenonclassical
literatureofnovelsteninthespokenlanguage；butlassical
ings
theuseoftheliterarylanguage；akesthisalst
iossiblefirst；goodprosestbeabletoreflecttheprosaicfactsoflife；andfor
thistasktheoldliterarylanguageusthavethe
shofcanvasforfulldisplayofitspoheclassicaltradition
aleenoofbelievedinncentration；selection；
sublitionandreorganizationgoodprosestnotbedainty；andtheaif
ovealonghnaturalbig
strides；andovedaboutonboundfeet；epwasan
artisticgesturegoodproserequiresperhapstentothirtythousandwordsfora
fulllengthportraitofaaliel
bradfordsportraits；andselvesto
betustnothavetoo
ructions；andtheeuphuisticproseinctlytoo
ed
aboveall；goodprosestbefaliar；chattyandalittlepersonal；andthechinese
literaryartnsistedinnpersonalfront
onehouchaochung；
givinganintiteportraitofhisloverlihsiangchiin；andthenfindsthathoudidhis
biographyofssliinexactlythreehundredandseventyfivetenina
nnerasifheotheroo
suustforevergropeang
sketchesofthreeorfourhundredhebarestbeggarsoutlineoffacts
thetruefactis；theliterarylanguageirelyunsuitabletodiscussoarrate
facts；hereasonersofnovelshadtoresorttotheveacular
languagetheanded
apoachien14080bc；thegreateststerof
chineseprose；stillkeptaclosetouchhthelanguageofhisday；anddaredto
inrporateerscholarsas”vulgar；”andhis
languagestillretainedavirilityuntchedbyanylatererintheclassical
languageillore
orlessashethought；andtin&pr�ieuxstyleofingbutafterthat
goodprosebepossiblethetersenessandrefinenthe
literarylanguagehadetoybeseeninthefollorwuliufive
self；in
exactlyonehundredandtodel：
；e；too；areunknohetitleheisquietandtalks
verylittlehedoesnotoneyorfahelikestoreadbooks；hout
tryingtoknoeaningesapassage；heisso
happyastoforgetabouthisfoodheloves；beingpoor；cannotalways
provideithisfriendsandrelativesknoetisaskhio
eoverforadrinkhealakesuphisndtobe
drunkafterhegetsdrunk；heretires；anddoesnotndselfhis
froacket
offlaxclothintatters；andhisriceboptybuthedoesnotcarehe
oftenusehielfandindicateshisaitioninlife；andforgetsallabout
thehat
liatisdaintyprose；butnotgoodprose；acrdingtoour
definitionitisanabsoluteproofthatthelanguagewasdead；
upposeonepelledtoreadonlyproseofthistype；
fherethecharacterizationisthevaguest；thefactsarethe
iiest；andthenarrationthebarest梬hato
nesintellectualntent
thisleadstoareiortantnsiderationoftheintdlectialntentofchinese
proseedhinese
librariesndbookstoresaboundthesealingthelargestlivisioninchinese
inesitsntents；oneiasthefeelingofbeinglostinadesertof
essays；
………………………………
第77节
sketonialings；official
randu；andsostproscuo
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